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Pultrusion application guide

FRP profiles inside scrubbers and mist eliminators

A corrosion-resistant profile must fit both a separation process and a load path. Define whether it captures droplets, locates a separator module or supports a packing bed before selecting its cross-section.

FIG. 1 Scrubber and demister profilesApplication schematic · not to scale
Gas passes through the vane pack while collected liquid drains downward; the carrier transfers pack loads to the shell ledges.

Component scope and material selection

F1 can assess constant-section glass-fiber composite profiles, support members, locator rails and approved secondary machining from an OEM or project drawing. Separator sizing, wash-system design, vessel integrity and emissions guarantees require the responsible equipment and plant designers.

Select the complete material system

Select a documented glass-fiber laminate and resin for the complete gas, condensate, liquid and cleaning exposure schedule. Verify the surface system and any fire or electrostatic requirements on the actual construction.

Components to specify

  • Custom constant-section lamella candidates
  • Demister module support beams and frames
  • Vane locator rails and spacer sections
  • Packing-bed support members to an approved design

Separate the capture element from its supporting structure

A wet scrubber transfers contaminants from gas into a liquid or slurry. Its downstream mist eliminator removes entrained liquid droplets. These are connected operations with different acceptance measures: removing droplets does not, by itself, establish absorption of a gaseous pollutant. Röchling identifies lamella walls in flue-gas washers as a composite-profile application; the useful starting point is the component's function, not a copied proprietary shape.

In a vane pack, the gas changes direction while droplets contact the blades, combine and drain. A mesh pad uses a network of wires or fibers for collection and drainage. Packing provides a surface for gas–liquid contact; its support retains the bed while allowing the phases to pass. A support beam underneath any of these elements is a structural member, not an independently rated separator.

Separate the capture element from its supporting structure
ItemPrimary design questionDrawing information to supply
Lamella or vaneCapture, drainage and re-entrainment over the operating rangeOEM cross-section, pitch, orientation and drainage details
Mesh-pad supportRetain the selected mesh without bypass or excessive obstructionPad thickness, grid arrangement, hold-down and edge seals
Packing supportCarry the wet bed and keep the required gas/liquid passages openPacking type, bed depth, support openings and vessel ledge

ReferencesRöchling: composite profile applications in chemical plantsSulzer: vane geometry, drainage and gas-flow directionSulzer: gas–liquid separation technologyKoch-Glitsch: plastic packing and column internalsUS EPA: wet scrubbers for particulate matter

Use pultrusion where the geometry remains constant

Pultrusion can form a repeatable cross-section along the member's length. A curved or zigzag cross-section can therefore be a candidate if it remains unchanged along that length and the reinforcement, thickness and tooling are feasible. Three-dimensional transitions, changing drainage pockets and integral end fittings can call for molding, assembly or another process. Review each feature before labeling an entire demister module as pultruded.

For a replacement vane, establish which dimensions control the flow passage and which simply locate the part. Thickness variation, twist or accumulated pitch error can change a bank even when individual pieces appear similar. Agree on inspection datums and a representative assembled-module trial. For support rails, define the bearing face and the vessel attachment independently from the vane geometry.

A sample records the existing installation but may also contain wear, permanent deformation or an undocumented repair. Pair it with the approved drawing and a measured survey. Any geometry change that alters open area, drainage or edge sealing goes back to the equipment designer for review before tooling release.

ReferencesRöchling: pultrusion process and reinforcement choicesSulzer: vane geometry, drainage and gas-flow directionASTM D3917-23: dimensional tolerances of pultruded shapes

Build an exposure envelope beyond the normal liquid temperature

List the gas constituents and condensate chemistry separately from the recirculating wash liquid. Include concentration ranges, oxidizers, suspended solids, cleaning agents and temperature at the internal component. A bulk sump reading may not describe a local inlet zone. Record whether the surface is continuously wet, intermittently sprayed or exposed to hot gas during loss of irrigation; ask the process designer to define credible duration and temperature excursions.

Choose a resin grade, reinforcement and surface protection as a laminate system. A resin manufacturer's chemical table often assumes a defined corrosion barrier or veil; a thin pultrusion is not automatically equivalent to that construction. Check drilled holes, cut ends and abrasion-prone edges. If a proposed sealant or repair coat is part of the protection, include its chemistry, adhesion and reapplication procedure in the qualification.

Use exposure testing to resolve an identified evidence gap. State the reagent, concentration, temperature, duration, specimen construction and retained-property criteria beforehand. Unstressed liquid immersion under ASTM C581 can support resin selection, while an installed member may also need evidence for mechanical stress, gas exposure and thermal cycling. Neither a resin-family name nor an isolated immersion result establishes service life.

ReferencesINEOS Composites: Derakane resin selection guideASTM C581-26: chemical resistance in liquid serviceASTM D543-21: evaluating the resistance of plastics to chemical reagents

Define the flow range and keep drainage in the design

Supply minimum, normal and maximum gas volume at the actual pressure and temperature, together with gas density and the expected liquid loading and droplet distribution. The separator specialist uses these inputs to select flow area, vane or mesh arrangement and pressure-loss allowance. A generic face velocity copied from another process cannot account for different liquid properties, orientation or fouling behavior.

Check the full route into and out of the bank. Inlet bends, partial obstruction, support beams and a short approach can create an uneven velocity field. The OEM should identify when a distribution survey, physical testing or CFD is needed. Model results should document boundary conditions and be reconciled with the real geometry; they do not replace the agreed performance test.

Drain channels, sumps, module joints and wall seals are functional features. Collected liquid needs an unobstructed exit without being swept back into the gas. Investigate carryover by checking drainage and bypass as well as blade condition. An average pressure drop can look acceptable while part of the bank is overloaded or gas passes around an unsealed edge.

ReferencesSulzer: vane geometry, drainage and gas-flow directionSulzer: gas–liquid separation technologySulzer: diagnosing liquid carryover and flow distributionMunters: DV 880 vertical-flow mist eliminator

Review dirty operating loads and the vessel connection

The structural load schedule should distinguish dry internals, retained liquid, deposits, cleaning actions and the pressure differential acting across the assembly. Include upset cases defined by the equipment designer, such as plugged passages or a damaged hold-down. A packing support additionally needs the wet-bed load and any installation loading. Keep maintenance access separate: an internal rail is not a walking surface unless the design expressly allows it.

Check deflection as well as strength because movement can open a bypass gap, change vane spacing or impair drainage. The responsible engineer should address sustained loading, operating temperature, connection bearing and the direction-dependent properties of the laminate. A transverse fastener or drilled notch may govern the assembly even when the longitudinal beam capacity is adequate.

Pass the calculated support reactions and movement requirements to the vessel supplier. Existing ledges, brackets and bonded attachments require review before substituting a heavier or stiffer assembly. If the vessel is designed to EN 13121, confirm how the proposed materials, fabrication and attachment detail fit its design basis. A vessel standard does not automatically qualify a separately purchased pultruded member.

ReferencesKoch-Glitsch: plastic packing and column internalsASTM D3917-23: dimensional tolerances of pultruded shapesEN 13121-3:2016: above-ground GRP tanks and vessels

Make cleaning access and replacement part of the layout

Ask the operator which deposits develop, where they accumulate and what removes them. Gypsum, salts or sticky solids can narrow passages and increase retained mass. Work with the OEM on nozzle coverage, upstream and downstream access, available wash-water quality and the required cleaning sequence. A wash line that cannot reach the rear of a module leaves a predictable maintenance problem.

Agree on compatible cleaning chemicals and the permitted mechanical cleaning method for the actual laminate. Specify any limits on jet pressure, stand-off, temperature and tools through a supplier-approved procedure or representative trial; this page provides no universal pressure-washing setting. Inspect for exposed reinforcement, chipped edges, loosened locators and obstructed drains after cleaning rather than judging success only by surface appearance.

Survey manways, lifting routes and module dimensions before ordering. Plan how a damaged section can be removed without cutting neighboring members. Internal work requires the plant's isolation and entry arrangements, including control of fans, pumps, automatic wash cycles and connected process flows. Record module positions and material batches so replacement parts can be matched to the approved configuration.

ReferencesMunters: DV210+ mist elimination and integrated washingVDI 3679 Part 3:2019-08: wet separators and mist eliminatorsOSHA 29 CFR 1910.146: permit-required confined spacesOSHA 29 CFR 1910.147: control of hazardous energy

Assign emissions, fire and explosion requirements correctly

Begin environmental acceptance with the facility permit and the pollutant being controlled. The operator and equipment designer should specify the applicable measurement method, operating conditions and reporting obligations. U.S. Title V and CAM requirements depend on source and control-device applicability. A profile's material certificate cannot demonstrate the emissions performance of the complete installation.

Review the fire scenario separately from chemical durability. Request the project's material fire-test method, specimen construction and acceptance requirement where relevant, and coordinate dry-out, overheating and maintenance hot-work risks with the plant design. A small-specimen flame-retardancy result is not proof that a loaded scrubber support will retain its function during a fire.

Where a flammable gas, vapor or dust atmosphere is credible, obtain the site's classification and explosion assessment. Determine the component's intended use and legal status before assigning an ATEX conformity route. Electrostatic controls may involve material properties, exposed areas, operating conditions and bonding of conductors. An earth connection on a metal bracket does not make the whole insulating FRP surface charge-dissipative; verify the complete arrangement when charge control is required.

ReferencesUS EPA: air-emissions monitoring for permitsDirective 2014/34/EU: equipment for explosive atmospheresIEC TS 60079-32-1:2013+A1:2017: electrostatic hazards

Accept the component and the operating system in two stages

Component acceptance starts with the approved drawing revision, traceable laminate, dimensional report and agreed appearance criteria. Inspect critical fits in a sample module, including vane pitch, frame alignment, hardware, drainage openings and edge seals. Record the chemical and mechanical qualification evidence separately from routine batch checks. Resolve nonconformities before the parts enter a restricted-access vessel.

After installation, establish an operating baseline at recorded process conditions. The OEM's commissioning plan should define pressure-drop measurement points, gas and liquid flow checks, wash operation and the agreed carryover or emissions test. Droplet measurement requires a defined method and sampling arrangement; a visible plume alone is not a quantified measure of liquid carryover.

Trend pressure differential with throughput, liquid flow and relevant liquor condition rather than interpreting a single reading in isolation. An increase can justify inspection for deposits; a decrease can require checks for changed flow, bypass or damage. Use alarm and intervention limits established for the system. Keep cleaning observations and replacement history alongside the process trends so repeated failures trigger a cause review instead of another identical part order.

ReferencesASTM D3917-23: dimensional tolerances of pultruded shapesUS EPA: wet scrubbers for particulate matterVDI 3679 Part 3:2019-08: wet separators and mist eliminatorsMunters: DV210+ mist elimination and integrated washing

Standards, regulations and acceptance evidence

The project authority determines the governing jurisdiction and adopted edition. The scope of each reference matters: a material test, an equipment requirement and a workplace rule answer different questions.

Guidance · Germany; other projects when specified

VDI 3679 Part 3:2019-08

A technical basis for selecting mist-elimination arrangements and agreeing droplet measurement, washing, operating and maintenance provisions.

Application boundary: An OEM performance agreement must still name the actual duty and measurement method. Referencing this guidance is not certification of a profile or an emissions guarantee.

ReferencesVDI 3679 Part 3:2019-08: wet separators and mist eliminators

Standard · Material qualification when contractually specified

ASTM C581-26 and ASTM D543-21

Chemical-exposure test planning: identify the resin, laminate, reagent, temperature, time and properties to evaluate. C581 addresses unstressed reinforced thermoset specimens for liquid service. European vessels designed to EN 13121-3 normally take laminate chemical-resistance evidence from EN 13121-2; confirm which route the vessel designer requires.

Application boundary: Different methods answer different questions. These tests alone do not qualify wet gas, hot dry excursions, sustained structural loading or a finished demister assembly.

ReferencesASTM C581-26: chemical resistance in liquid serviceASTM D543-21: evaluating the resistance of plastics to chemical reagents

Standard · Pultruded component purchasing when specified

ASTM D3917-23

Provides a dimensional-tolerance framework for thermosetting glass-reinforced pultruded shapes.

Application boundary: State agreed vane spacing, contact faces, module squareness and mounting-hole tolerances on the project drawing; dimensional conformity does not establish separation performance.

ReferencesASTM D3917-23: dimensional tolerances of pultruded shapes

Standard · European GRP vessel projects and contracts specifying it

EN 13121-3:2016

Applies within its defined scope to design and workmanship of above-ground GRP tanks and vessels, including specified shell attachments. The vessel designer reviews the load transfer from internals.

Application boundary: Do not label a pultruded beam or vane as an EN 13121-certified scrubber. Check the prescribed laminate, fabrication and verification provisions for the proposed construction; the public scope excludes vessels subject to explosion risk.

ReferencesEN 13121-3:2016: above-ground GRP tanks and vessels

Regulation · Facility jurisdiction; U.S. Title V/CAM where applicable

Facility air permits (U.S.: 40 CFR Parts 70/71 Title V; Part 64 CAM)

The operator identifies the applicable emissions limit, monitoring, reporting and replacement-change requirements for the source and its control device.

Application boundary: A material certificate or internal-component inspection does not demonstrate stack-emissions compliance. A site's permit and approved test procedures establish its acceptance obligations.

ReferencesUS EPA: air-emissions monitoring for permitsUS EPA: wet scrubbers for particulate matter

Regulation · European Union; products within the directive's scope

Directive 2014/34/EU (ATEX)

First establish the intended explosive atmosphere, use and legal product status. Identify applicable conformity responsibilities for equipment, protective systems or components.

Application boundary: A raw FRP profile has no automatic ATEX approval. Determine applicability from the actual product and installation rather than assigning a certification label from material properties.

ReferencesDirective 2014/34/EU: equipment for explosive atmospheres

Guidance · Electrostatic risk assessments and projects specifying this guidance

IEC TS 60079-32-1:2013+A1:2017

Informs the assessment of charging and discharge hazards and measures involving conductors, insulating surfaces and operating conditions.

Application boundary: Insulating FRP, flame retardancy or an earthed metal bracket alone does not establish explosion safety. Verify the specified charge-control properties in the assembled configuration.

ReferencesIEC TS 60079-32-1:2013+A1:2017: electrostatic hazards

Regulation · U.S. general industry within each rule's scope

OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146 and 1910.147

Determine confined-space requirements and control hazardous energy before internal inspections, cleaning or replacement work.

Application boundary: Component handling notes do not replace the employer's entry, isolation and rescue arrangements; other countries require their own applicable procedures.

ReferencesOSHA 29 CFR 1910.146: permit-required confined spacesOSHA 29 CFR 1910.147: control of hazardous energy

Public source scopes were reviewed on . These references do not establish certification of an F1 product. Agree the offered grade, finished component, test specimen and acceptance criteria in the project specification.

Scrubber and demister profiles: practical questions

Can an FRP vane replace a mesh pad directly?

Not from dimensions alone. The separator specialist must compare droplet capture, operating range, fouling, drainage and pressure loss. The support and sealing arrangement may also change. Request an approved equipment revision before ordering a different separator type.

Is vinyl ester enough to specify chemical resistance?

No. State the grade, laminate, surface system and exposure envelope. Temperature excursions, condensate, oxidizers and cleaning chemicals can alter the material decision. Published resin guidance must be checked against the actual pultruded construction.

Does a stronger support improve removal efficiency?

It can preserve the required geometry, but removal efficiency also depends on the capture element, flow distribution, drainage and operating conditions. The equipment supplier must establish the system result through its design and agreed verification.

Which performance values does F1 need before quoting?

Provide the OEM component drawing, loads, exposure schedule, dimensional acceptance and any material qualification requirements. Gas-treatment efficiency or carryover limits should be assigned to the separator/system scope rather than inferred from a raw-profile quote.

Technical sources and further reading

Industry sources establish where the application is used. Authority sources define the published scope of standards and regulations. The design and procurement checklists above are an original engineering synthesis for project review.
  1. Industry application evidence

    Röchling: composite profile applications in chemical plants

    The chemical plant section identifies lamella walls in a flue gas washer. It establishes the application, not an F1 resin specification or separation guarantee.

  2. Industry application evidence

    Röchling: pultrusion process and reinforcement choices

    Manufacturing background for continuous profile geometry and the selection of reinforcement and resin; competitor capabilities are not attributed to F1.

  3. Industry application evidence

    Sulzer: vane geometry, drainage and gas-flow direction

    OEM explanation of simple and complex vane separators. Proprietary capacities and geometry are not used as F1 product ratings.

  4. Industry application evidence

    Sulzer: gas–liquid separation technology

    OEM discussion of mesh, vane and other separation methods, including efficiency, pressure loss, materials and fouling tradeoffs.

  5. Industry application evidence

    Sulzer: diagnosing liquid carryover and flow distribution

    System-level diagnostic example involving CFD, maldistribution and bypass; the high-pressure case study does not establish performance in an atmospheric FRP scrubber.

  6. Industry application evidence

    Munters: DV210+ mist elimination and integrated washing

    OEM evidence for salt, dust and gypsum deposition, wash coverage and cleaning-cycle integration. Its system guarantees belong to that supplier.

  7. Industry application evidence

    Munters: DV 880 vertical-flow mist eliminator

    Explains capture, coalescence and gravity drainage in a vertical-flow vane system; specific operating envelopes remain OEM dependent.

  8. Industry application evidence

    Koch-Glitsch: plastic packing and column internals

    Distinguishes packing, support plates and bed limiters; vessel ledge adequacy and internals depend on the actual installation.

  9. Standard or public authority

    US EPA: wet scrubbers for particulate matter

    Public guidance on entrainment separators, operating problems and monitoring indicators. Its discussion of particulate control is not a universal acid-gas performance model.

  10. Standard or public authority

    US EPA: air-emissions monitoring for permits

    Explains source-level permit and monitoring responsibilities. Title V and Compliance Assurance Monitoring applicability must be established for the facility.

  11. Industry application evidence

    INEOS Composites: Derakane resin selection guide

    Resin-specific exposure guidance with concentration, temperature and laminate qualifications. A listed resin temperature is not a finished pultrusion rating.

  12. Standard or public authority

    ASTM C581-26: chemical resistance in liquid service

    Current public scope checked: unstressed reinforced thermoset specimens provide chemical-resistance evidence, not the sole basis for a loaded component's serviceability.

  13. Standard or public authority

    ASTM D543-21: evaluating the resistance of plastics to chemical reagents

    Exposure conditions, stress and retained properties must match the question being tested. Laboratory results have stated limits.

  14. Standard or public authority

    ASTM D3917-23: dimensional tolerances of pultruded shapes

    ASTM lists the active dimensional-tolerance specification. A demister fit drawing must separately identify its critical interface tolerances.

  15. Standard or public authority

    VDI 3679 Part 3:2019-08: wet separators and mist eliminators

    Public scope covers droplet separation, measurement, washing, performance agreements and maintenance. No unpublished numerical criteria are reproduced.

  16. Standard or public authority

    EN 13121-3:2016: above-ground GRP tanks and vessels

    Scope includes specified tanks, vessels and attachments bonded directly to their shells. It is not a freestanding demister-efficiency or generic pultrusion product standard.

  17. Standard or public authority

    Directive 2014/34/EU: equipment for explosive atmospheres

    Use the applicable consolidated text and national implementation. Scope depends on equipment, protective-system or component status and intended use; a raw FRP profile has no automatic ATEX approval.

  18. Standard or public authority

    IEC TS 60079-32-1:2013+A1:2017: electrostatic hazards

    Guidance for assessing charging and ignition risks, including conductors and insulators. It does not assign every scrubber the same electrical material specification.

  19. Standard or public authority

    OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146: permit-required confined spaces

    For work within its U.S. general-industry scope, the employer evaluates the vessel and entry hazards and establishes the required controls.

  20. Standard or public authority

    OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147: control of hazardous energy

    Relevant to servicing within the rule's scope; isolation planning must consider fans, pumps, automatic wash cycles and connected process equipment.

Prepare a component qualification brief

Provide the application and acceptance requirements so we can assess material, geometry, sampling and the proposed supply scope. We reply within one business day; a formal quotation follows once the specification and delivery are reviewed.

01 · Equipment tag, OEM, process description, plant location and replacement or new-build status.
02 · Component function and controlled drawings: vane geometry, support span, pitch, orientation, drains, hold-downs, seals and vessel interfaces.
03 · Gas flow at actual conditions, pressure, temperature, turndown, droplet/liquid loading, solids and allowed pressure loss.
04 · Exposure schedule: gas and liquid chemistry, concentration, normal/upset temperature, wet/dry periods, cleaning and abrasion.
05 · Design loads and allowable movement, including deposits, retained liquid, pressure differential and defined upset conditions.
06 · Material/fire/electrostatic requirements where applicable, with test methods and acceptance criteria.
07 · Manway and lifting constraints, module assembly sequence, inspection access and spare-part strategy.
08 · Component inspection plan, representative-module trial, OEM commissioning scope and plant performance-test responsibilities.
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